A Schools Website Makes an Important First Impression

A Schools Website Makes an Important First Impression Before a parent or student physically sets a foot into a school building,  there is an opportunity for  a virtual visit. That virtual visit takes place through a schools website, and the information that is available on this website makes an important first impression. That first impression is an opportunity to highlight the schools best qualities and to show how welcoming the school community is to all stakeholders-parents, students, educators, and community members. Once this positive impression is made, the website can  provide a wide variety of information, from posting an exam schedule to announcing an early dismissal because of inclement weather.  The website can also effectively communicate the schools vision and mission, the qualities, and the offerings to each of these stakeholders. In effect, the school website presents the personality of the school. What Goes on the Website Most school websites have the following basic information: Calendars for school activities, school schedules, and bus schedules;  Policy statements (ex: dress code, Internet use, attendance);School news on individual student achievements or group achievements;Information on the school learning activities including academic requirements, course descriptions, and prerequisite course work;Information on school extra-curricular activities (ex: clubs and athletic program);Links to teacher web pages and also staff and faculty contact information; Some websites may also provide additional information including: Links to organizations or websites outside the school that support the schools academic program (ex: College Board-Khan Academy)Links to software that  contain student data  (Naviance,  Powerschool, Google Classroom)Links to forms (ex: permission slips, course registration, attendance waivers, transcript requests, free and reduced lunch) that can reduce the  costly reproduction of paper copies;Board of Education resources such as contact information for board members, minutes of meetings, agendas, and meeting schedules;District policies, such as those policies on data privacy;Photos of students and faculty;A forum or discussion page for  teachers, administrators, students, and parents to exchange information such as news and calendars of events;Links to school social media accounts (Facebook, Twitter, etc). Information placed on the school website will be available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Therefore, all the information on the school website must be timely and accurate. Dated material should be removed or archived. In real time information will provide stakeholders confidence in the information posted.  Up to date information  is particularly important for teacher websites that list assignments or homework for students and parents to see. Who Has Responsibility for the School Website? Every school website must be a reliable source of information that is communicated clearly and accurately. That task is usually assigned to a schools Information Technology or IT Department. This department is often organized at the district level with each school having a  webmaster for the school website. There are a number of school website design businesses that can provide the basic platform and customize the site according to a schools need. Some of these include Finalsite, BlueFountainMedia,  BigDrop, and SchoolMessenger. Design companies generally provide the initial training and support on maintaining the school website. When an IT Department is not available, some schools ask a faculty or staff member who is particularly technologically savvy, or who works in their computer science department, to  update their websites for them.  Unfortunately, building and maintaining a website is a  large task that can take  several hours a week. In such cases, a more collaborative approach of assigning responsibility for sections of the website might be more manageable. Another approach is to use the website as a part of the school curriculum where students are given the task of developing and maintaining  portions of the website. This  innovative approach benefits both the students who learn to work collaboratively in an authentic and on-going project as well as educators who can become more familiar with the technologies involved. Whatever the process for maintaining the school website, the ultimate responsibility for all content must lie with one  district administrator.   Navigating the School Website Possibly the most important consideration in designing the school website is the navigation. The navigation design of a school website is particularly important because of the number and variety of pages that may be offered to users of all ages, including those who may be unfamiliar with websites entirely. Good navigation  on a school website should include a navigation bar, clearly defined tabs, or labels that clearly differentiate the pages of the website. Parents, educators, students, and community members should be able to travel throughout the entire website regardless of the level of  proficiency with websites.   Particular attention should be given to encouraging parents to use the school website. That encouragement might include training  or demonstrations for parents during school open houses or parent-teacher meeting. Schools could even offer technology training for parents  after school or on special evening activity nights. Whether it is someone 1500 miles away, or a parent living down the road, everyone is afforded the same opportunity to see the schools website online.  Administrators and faculty should see school website as the front door of the school, an opportunity to welcome all virtual visitors and make them feel comfortable in order to make that great first impression. Final Recommendations There are reasons to make the school website as attractive and professional as possible. While a private school may be looking to attract students through a website, both public and private school administrators may be seeking to attract high-quality staff who can drive achievement results. Businesses in the community may want to reference a schools website in order to attract or expand economic interests. Taxpayers in the community may see a well-designed website as a sign that the school system is also well-designed.

Bless Me Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya essays

Bless Me Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya essays In the book, Bless Me Ultima (New York Warner Books, 1994), Rudolfo A. Anaya tells the story of Antonio Marez. The story takes place in Spanish America on the border between fertile farming lands and the open plains. Antonio is six years old when Ultima, an elderly healer comes to live with his family. At the time of her arrival, Antonio is making a transition from a boy to a young adult. His parents, Gabriel and Marà ­a, disagree about the proper life and education for Antonio. Marà ­a is a devout Catholic and wants Antonio to follow her traditions and become a priest. Gabriel wants Antonio to follow his traditions of restless wandering across the plains and live the life of a cowboy. Before Ultima arrives, Antonio dreams of her role in his birth. The two sides of his family argue over the right to dispose of the afterbirth according to their family traditions. Ultima declares that she shall bury it herself. Therefore she alone will know Antonio's future. Antonio's parents are pressuring him to choose between their radically different family traditions. Antonio's dream about his birth reveals the nervousness this pressure causes him. Antonio also makes a great effort to make sense of the competing moral structures of each religion he encounters through his Pagan friends, Samuel and Cico and his Catholic mother. His atheist friend, Florence, increases Antonio's confusion in his quest to understand his world. He attempts to understand the nature of good and evil through different cultures only to find that there is no easy answer. In addition to larger conflicts, Antonio faces the clash between Anglo and Hispanic cultures when he begins attending school along with other problems. Antonio faces pressure to exclude Florence because he is an atheist and undergoes teasing because some people view Ultima as a Bruja or a witch. Antonio witnesses three separate deaths in the novel including his good friend Florence. Each death forces Anton...

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 7

Marketing - Essay Example The pitchers’ initial proposal is a 15% company shares in exchange for the money. After a very long bargaining, two of the Dragons, Deborah and Theo together with the pitchers agreed to close the deal with 25% shares of the company in exchange for the  £200,000 investment. Coin Metrics Limited, a recently established company, supplies a wireless revenue monitoring technology specially designed for gaming machines like arcade. This machine is capable of providing a cost effective systems that will give the owners of the amusement and gaming industries the power to easily and accurately monitor the financial performance of their of their assets and gaming sites. The company’s mission is to become the number 1 supplier of amusement and gaming industry data products. (Site Performance Measurement, 2007) Guardian is the product name of Coin Metrics modular wireless data capture and reporting system. The system is consists of three (3) modules namely: the Guardian WDCâ„ ¢, the SITE Guardian â„ ¢, and the NET Guardianâ„ ¢. The Guardian WDCâ„ ¢ module is made of a small electronic card powerful enough to provide a wireless data connection to the SITE Guardian PCâ„ ¢ application. This module has a single connection to the machine communication ports; and is connected to the BACTA data port of each gaming machines using an industry standard of 25- way connector. To ensure that all the data specifically game fault and game performance meters are permanently stored within the system, this module is designed with the features of a Bluetoothâ„ ¢ radio chip-set and microprocessor with a permanent FRAM memory storage. The Bluetoothâ„ ¢ radio enables the virtual meter data to be read by the SITE Guardian â„ ¢ PC application while the protocol information that is produced by the gaming machine is stored in the ‘virtual meter’ memory of this module. The Guardian Wireless Data Capture (WDC) module can

Creative Innovation in an Organisation Coursework

Creative Innovation in an Organisation - Coursework Example As aptly put by Robbins (1993, p. 679), â€Å"in the dynamic world of global competition, the innovative organisation is more adaptive and more likely to thrive.† Against this background, this report seeks to evaluate the extent to which organisations that have fostered an innovative culture have revitalised their operations by paying particular attention to Sony Corporation. Thus, the relevant question is: How can an organisation become more innovative? As such, this report is divided into different categories that deal with different aspects of the concept of innovation and how they are being applied in the operations of Sony Corporation. The report starts by describing the organisation and what it does and this will be followed by a clear explanation of the mission and vision of the organisation and the importance of innovative management in their strategic plan. Then after this, the report is divided into four tasks which focus on different aspects of innovative management . The first task seeks to evaluate the current creative and innovative process used by Sony Corporation in comparison to other organisations. The second task focuses on ways that can be implemented to positively embrace innovation and change. The third task looks at factors that influence as well as drive the organisation to develop creative and innovative management process. The last task looks at the rationale of persuading others to effect change in an organisation. ... The last task looks at the rationale of persuading others to effect change in an organisation. 1.1 Description of the organisation Sony Corporation was founded in 1946 and it specialises in manufacturing home appliances like audio and video gadgets or entertainment such as motion pictures and musicas well as DVDs, LCD televisions, information and communications or electronics such as AV/IT products & components like printers and monitors according to its official website. The Sony Group also deals with game such a s PlayStation and Financial Services which include insurance and banking sectors. Sony Corporation is headquartered in Tokyo Japan. The company seeks to entrench its position through representing a wide range of business in electronics while retaining its uniqueness globally. According to information obtained from its official website, Sony's R&D mission is as follows: "Technology for Inspiration and Shared Experience." Until recently, the framework for consumer experience has been described as "Take/Capture, View, Store, Listen, Create." This motto encompassed the basic services and products offered by this organisation. The vision of the organisation is â€Å"to fully leverage on this uniqueness in aggressively carrying out our convergence strategy so that we can continue to emotionally touch and excite our customers.† The company is specifically concerned with establishing itself a force to reckon with in the electronics industry globally. However, information obtained fro m its official website posits to the effect that different forms of enjoyment are also emerging.

History Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

History - Term Paper Example It is a confederacy or league of six native Indian tribes. The latter term emanated from the Englishmen while the former from French. The tribes were Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Mohawk, and Senega. They were joined by Tuscora later in 1722. Some modern Historical scholars have attempted to paint a clear distinction between the League and the Confederacy. According to Kellogg’s, Barrons E-Z American History (75), the ceremonial and cultural institution personified in the majestic Council is the Iroquois League, while the Confederacy was the decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged to counter the European colonization. Today the League still exists, unlike the Confederacy, which dissolved after the fall of the British and allied other Nations in the American Revolutionary War. Noble Savage refers to an idealized concept of uncivilized man. This man signifies the inward goodness of one who is not exposed to the corrupting influences of civilization. Thinkers and writers traced the concept of the noble savage to Ancient Greece. Philosophers of Homer, Pliny, and Xenophon ilk idealized primitive groups such as the Arcadians, both real and imagined as a noble savage. Frederick Douglass was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist writer, and orator. Born a slave in 1818, he escaped from slavery at the age of 20. Douglass was a master of irony; this was illustrated by his famous speech delivered on Fourth of July 1852 where he proclaimed that this Fourth of July was yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn. He then pointed the figure at the audience of ridicule for inviting him to address. In addition, he referred to Psalm 137, whereby the rivers of Babylon the Israelites were compelled to sit down and sing the Lord’s song in a strange land (Martin et al., 357). Manifest Destiny is a terminology that denotes the widespread attitude present during the period of American expansion. According to this

Performance Audit of China

Performance Audit of China Performance Audit China EMPIRICAL REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT IN CHINA AND DEVELOPED WESTERN COUNTRIES AND MEASURES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF PERFOMORNACE AUDITING WORK IN CHINA INTRODUCTION OF THE DISSERTATION The performance audit is a recent expansion in audit scope within these 30 years. Now it is one of the most important and flourishing areas for government audit work in China. The aim of this dissertation is to give a holistic and comparative review on the rising and development of performance audit in Western Countries and China, study the challenges faced by audit institutions in China, and give recommendations and suggestions to audit institutions in the development of performance audit from a scientific and development point of view. This dissertation has five parts: The first chapter will begin with the rising of performance audit in Western Countries and the definition coined by International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (hereinafter referred as INTOSAI). A comparison with performance evaluation or performance monitor will be made, and the relationship between performance audit and other forms of audit, such as financial audit, environmental audit and management audit will also be reviewed. In the second part, it will give a holistic view of the performance audit in China National Audit Office (hereinafter referred as CNAO) and audit institutions at all other levels, from the rising of performance audit in China, to legal mandate, to the audit objects and areas which covered, to the audit focus of performance audit. In the third chapter, the current status of performance audit in UK, USA, Canada and Sweden will be scanned. The legal mandate given, the audit areas covered, audit methods employed, the resource allocation will be reviewed and compared. The advanced experience in the performance audit area will be concluded. Chapter 4 of this essay is an investigation of the challenges faced by government audit in China in performance auditing. The risks in political system and macroeconomic environment will be discussed. The interior flaws such as the lack of competences of auditors, the shortage of standard or guidelines will also be talked about. In the last chapter, suggestions and recommendations in how to improve performance audit in the context of current China will be given from both the macro and micro aspects. The Desk study based on a review of the literature is deployed. A large number of books and articles about performance audit manuals, annual reports and handbooks produced by SAIs of some developed countries and China will be categorized and analyzed. INTRODUCTION OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT The Rising of Performance Audit in Western Countries As one of the oldest and venerable state functions, audit has a history of thousand years. However, the performance audit has risen and become a large scale and self-consciously distinct practice within the latest thirty years. It is a modern, challenging and fascinating form of audit, and is treated as a separate and professional activity that requires specialized skills and standards. Over almost exactly the same period as performance audit has emerged as a distinct variant of audit, the government of developed countries, such as Western Europe, United States of American, Canada, Australia and United Kingdom, have embarked upon series of public management reforms, which is so called ‘New Public Management’. ‘Most of the public management reform initiatives emphasized a shift from control of imputes and processes to the new form s of control based on the measurement of outputs and outcomes.’ (Christopher Pollitt et al, Performance or Compliance, P195). Previously, the administrative system emphasized on the correct allocation of public finances to appropriate budget lines, the compliance of the use of resources, and conformity of actions with prescribed procedures. The new approaches aimed at modernizing and streamlining the public management process, and giving more flexibility in respect of inputs. Although the details of the reform programs differed from one country to another, most of them highlights on: firstly, increasing the productivity of public services, i.e., raising efficiency; secondly, the convenience and preferences of its users; thirdly, the transparency of public services, which is assumed as a feature of democratic governance. Both singly and collectively, these new attributes considerably changed the ways in which public management system has been run in the past. To adapt to the new system, the major priority of monitoring and control was shifted from the values of economy towards the value of efficiency and effectiveness and emphasized more on the monitoring and evaluation of outputs and outcomes. The auditors should not only stress on the ‘three Es’ (economy, efficiency, and effectiveness), but also using creative methodology to access to responsiveness and user satisfaction by directly consulting them. They should also devote to the safeguarding of public accountability and assurance. Due to the diversity in mandate and scope of the audit, in the United States, this new form of audit is called ‘performance audit’, while in the United Kingdom, it is labeled as ‘value for money audit’ (VFM audit). ‘Comprehensive audit’ is what is called in Canada. Definition of Performance Audit This definition can be provided in many ways. It can be given by clarifying the distinction between performance audit and other related forms of audit, or by mandates and organizational framework which define the performance audit work done, or simply by describing what different SAIs do when they say they are conducting performance audit. The most widely accepted definition is the one coined by INTOSAI: ‘The full scope of government auditing includes regularity and performance audit’, and ‘Performance auditing is concerned with the audit of economy, efficiency and effectiveness and embraces: (a) Audit of the economy of administrative activities in accordance with sound administrative principles and practices, and management policies; (b) Audit of the efficiency of utilization of human, financial and other resources, including examination of information systems, performance measures and monitoring arrangements, and procedures followed by audited entities for remedying identified deficiencies; and (c) Audit of the effectiveness of performance in relation to achievement of the objectiveness of the audited entity, and audit of the actual impact of activities compared with the intended impact’. (INTOSAI’s Auditing Standards, 1.0.38 and 1.0.40) Within this definition, not only ‘three Es’, but also ‘sound administrative principles’, ‘good management’ are referred as criteria for judgment. In the definition given by the Australian National Audit Office, ‘legislative and policy compliance’ is also been taken as one of the consideration for performance audit. In the Auditing standard of The Government Accountability Office, which was revised in 2007, performance audit objectives may vary widely and include assessments of program effectiveness, economy, and efficiency; internal control; compliance; and prospective analyses. As described in the Performance audit manual of Office of Audit General of Canada, the scope includes not only the examination of three Es, but also environmental effects of government activities, procedures to measure effectiveness, accountability relationships, protection of public assets and compliance with authorities. The Relationship between Performance Audit and Regularity Audit In accordance with the INTOSAI auditing standards, ‘the full scope of the government audit includes regularity and performance audit’. The regularity audit emphasizes on attestation of financial accountability and probity and propriety of administrative decisions. Its core activity is to verify information, whereas the major task of the performance audit is inspection and evaluation of the government programs and organizations. For some countries, performance audit differed from the traditional audit in the way they are managed: the traditional audit is usually carried out in a standardized way as a repeated annual cycle of ‘checking the books ’, performance audit, on the contrary, is organized as serial of individually tailored projects varied in their scope, length and focus. The Performance audit is an independent examination made on a non-recurring basis. Specialized skills, separate standards, special planning, and special reports are required. Another difference between the two types of audit is the extent of standardization. The Performance audit, in comparison to financial audit, has a lower level of standardization in terms of both auditing methods and contents. Within its legal mandate, performance audit must be free to examine all government activities from different perspectives. Thus, the performance audit is more flexible in the choice of subjects, audit objects, audit methodology and making recommendations. Moreover, in financial audits, auditors will tend to judge the transactions being ‘correct ‘or ‘incorrect’, ‘legal’ or ‘illegal’, so the criteria the auditors used is relatively clear and fixed. However, for performance audits, the criteria is chosen is normally open and sometimes, formulated by auditors. In spite of above mentioned differences, in audit practices, the line between these two types of audit is not always clear. For instance, the audit of a financial management system can be both a process in traditional audit and performance audit. Practical examples from some SAIs also show the same result. Comparing Performance Audit with Performance Evaluation Both performance evaluation and performance audit are viewed closely related as external forms of analysis and assessment of the programs or organizations. Performance evaluation is a systematic study of how well a program or policy is working and what can be done to improve its results. It is typically commissioned for the purposes defined by the commissioners to provide in a program management cycle. In recent years, the program or policy evaluation is deemed as an important work for a SAI under a general heading of the performance audit, according to the study result of a working group on program evaluation, ‘it seeks to analyze the relationship between the objectives, resources, and results of a policy or program.’ GAO of the US defined four common types of program evaluations in performance audit, which are process evaluation, outcome evaluation, impact evaluation and cost –benefit cost- effectiveness evaluations. PERFORMANCE AUDIT IN CHINA History of Government Audit in China The auditing supervision system in China can be traced to the beginning days of the dynasties. As early as Western Zhou Dynasty, about 3,000 years from now, an official position named as Zaifu was established with the function of performing audit duties and regarded as a rudimentary form of auditing in China. In modern China, after the 59 years after the founding of People’s Republic of China, the audit work in China went through two different stages. First stage was from 1949 to 1982. No formal and independent audit institutions were established in the first 30 years. The supervision of state financial revenues and expenditures was mainly conducted by internal supervisory bodies of Departments of Public Finance. During that period, the central government and some local governments set up audit institutions within the financial departments and assigned audit personnel to carry out the audit work. However, it was not long that the financial inspection institutions. The second stage started with the provision of formal audit supervision since 1983. The full scale implementation of reform and open-up policy called for efforts to strengthen the supervision on financial administration, establish and improve economic supervision mechanisms. In December 1982, the 5th Plenary Session of the 5th National People’s Congress adopted the resolution to introduce an auditing system in China. The new Constitution made a general provision for the role, mandate, basic principle and administrative system for the audit work. In September 1983, the National Audit Office of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the CNAO) was established. Local governments at all levels above county level also set up their local audit institutions in succession. The Audit Law of the People’s Republic of China was formally promulgated in August 1994, which was an important milestone in the audit legal system building. An audit supervision system with Chinese characteristics was built up. Since the establishment of the audit institutions, audit supervision made great contribution to the rigorous enforcement of financial and economic disciplines and has played an irreplaceable role in facilitating healthy development of the national economy, promoting the building of a clean government. As the supreme audit institution of China, the CNAO is a department of the government and directly under the leadership of the Premier. ‘Its main duty is to formulate the audit strategy, organize and administer audit work nationwide and reports its work to the State Council. Local audit institutions, under the dual leadership of the administrative heads of their corresponding level governments and the audit institutions at their next higher levels, organize and manage the audit work within their jurisdiction. Their audit work is mainly under the direction of audit institutions at the next higher levels, and they are legally required to report to their corresponding level governments as well as the next higher level audit institutions in keeping with the principle that independence is an indispensable feature of a successful audit.’ Audit directly conducted by the CNAO covers the following areas: (Audit Law, Article 18 to 25) ‘ Under the leadership of the Premier of the State Council, exercise supervision through auditing over the implementation of the budget of the Central Government as well as other revenues and expenditures, and submit audit reports thereof to the Premier; Revenues and expenditures of the Central Bank, assets, liabilities, profits and losses of central monetary institutions; Carrying out audit supervision over the financial revenues and expenditures of public institutions of the State and other public organizations using fiscal capital Revenues and expenditures of central government owned enterprises and enterprises where state assets dominate or predominate; Revenues and expenditures related to funds managed by relevant departments of the State Council; Revenues and expenditures of projects with loans and assistance from international organizations and foreign governments. ’ During the past 25 years, audit work in China has made great strides forward and scored remarkable achievements. Audit supervision has become an important and indispensable part of the national supervision system. The social impact of audit is becoming steadily stronger. The Rising of Performance Audit in China Vigorously launching performance audit is an important task set by both the Strategic Plan of the Development of Audit Work for 2003 to 2007 and the one for 2006 to 2010. It is a major move for audit institutions to implement the scientific outlook on development, to comprehensively perform their duties in accordance with law, and to vigorously push forward the building of resource-saving- type society, as a response to the summon of the central government. In the history of the CNAO, finding problems of violation of laws and regulations and of embezzlement and corruption is always considered the most important role. However, with the development of social economy and democracy, there is another problem worthy of notice. That is low value for the use of funds and losses and wastes, due to faulty decisions and maladministration .This kind of problem does not often attract too much of the people’s attention. But, in fact, it would bring about much more serious harm than embezzlement and corruption. Take ‘Image Project’ for example, the construction of project would take up a large amount of Funds of public finance, and yet, it is unable able to bring about benefit to the lives of the ordinary people and it also in no way plays a role in accelerating the economic constructions across the whole nation. Actually, it is just a kind of waste of resource According to the statistics of IMF (World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund, April 2008), until the end of 2007, GDP per capita of China has reached US$2,360. Moreover, in the most vigorous economy developments area, east provinces in China, GDP per capita has reached US$6000, which means this area had crossed the threshold of initial stage of modernization. From the historical perspective of the development of international government audit, US$3,000 GDP per capita represents the stage of rapid development of performance audit practices in the advanced west countries, such as Sweden, United Kingdom, during the 60 to 70s of the 20th century. Such a period is also a time prone to social contradictions and problems and in particular, a crucial time characterized by quick changes in the form of economic growth in the economic system and speedy social reconstruction. The Chinese government is making great efforts in self-improvement and strength public administration. Accountability and performance are the key elements and areas of the concern in the concept of modern public administration. It has been aware that the work and accomplishments of the government still fall somewhat short of what circumstances require and the people expect. The functions of government have not been completely transformed and public administration and public services are still weak. Some government departments have been overlapping responsibilities, their powers and responsibilities are not well matched, some try to shirk their responsibilities, and their performance is poor. The problems of formalism and bureaucratic behavior are fairly common, and fraud, extravagance and waste are quite serious. Oversight mechanisms and checks on government authority are not strongly expected. Performance audit is also the inevitable necessary outcome in the promotion of democracy and the rule of law. The citizens are more and more concerning the public administration issues, and paying more attention on the transparent and efficiency on the use of public fund. As an independent oversight institution, the CNAO was attached with great importance on the supervision of the shifting of government functions to a more energetic public management and social services, and the gradual transformation of the government from the traditional mode characterized by managing everything by itself, to a government with limited functions, which is more transparent and accountable and service-oriented. Current Status of Performance Audit in China The Article 1 of Audit Law, which came into effect on 1 June 2006,gave the legal authority of audit institutions for the implementing of performance audit. It says ‘Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution, with a view to strengthening State supervision through auditing, maintaining the fiscal and economic order of the country, improving the efficiency in the use of government funds, promoting the building of a clean government and ensuring the sound development of the national economy and society.’ (Audit Law, Article 1) However, even before the promulgation of the new amended audit law, the performance audit practices have existed in China since the beginning of 90s of twentieth century: The first stage is from the beginning of 90s to the middle of it. During that time of period, the performance audit was mainly carried out for the performance outcomes of state- owned enterprises. According to statistics, in 1984, the very next year the audit insinuations at all levels were formed, during the process of traditional financial audits for 1263 enterprise, economy and efficiency of these enterprises draw attention of the auditors. Among the financial impact of the auditing findings of 3 billion RMB Yuan, nearly 1 billion was caused by the less economic and efficient use of funds. It was stated in the Annual National Audit Work meeting in 1991 that ‘audit institutions at all levels should identify some large- or medium- sized stated-owned enterprises as regular auditees. The audit scopes not only include the truth and fairness of financial revenues and expenditures, but also extend to the test of internal control and performance outcomes. Proper audit evaluation should be made to improve the economic efficiency’ (The Memo of Annual National Audit Work Meeting, 1991). Statistics show that during the ten years after the formation of CNAO, the total financial impact of the performance audit to these state- owned enterprises totaled to 21.1 billion RMB Yuan. From the middle of 90s, the performance audit in China turned to a brand new stage. At this stage, the audit scope shifted from the state-owned enterprises to the major investment projects funded by the government. The emphasis of the audits is put on the economic benefits to the efficiency and effectiveness of these projects. During this time, the performance audit practices were conducted during the audit of major investment projects such as the project of Conversion of Farmland to Forest, the Fund Use of Migration in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and the Construction of Airports. With the implementation of performance audit methodology, it was not only the problems but also the root causes of these problems were revealed, which had a profound impact in the society. The criteria on the selection of audit topics are: The projects which are heavily invested by the government and great attention were paid by the national congress and the taxpayers. The availability of the resources in terms of the competences of auditors and budget; The timeliness which are closely relevant to the current public administration reform. As well, audit institutions, in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State, carry out supervision through auditing the principal leading persons of government departments and of other units as to compliance about the financial revenues, expenditures and the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of relevant economic activities of their districts during their terms of office. This is a type of comprehensive audit which integrates the compliance and performance audit. From January to November of 2007, the total input in terms of human resources in audit institutions at all levels had amounted to one quarter of the total, which is ten percent higher than the same period of last year. Among the 30 audit projects launched by the CNAO, half of them were performance audit projects, which covered the major infrastructure investments at a national level such as South-to-north Water Transfer Projects, special funds on Disaster Rescue, and projects financed by foreign governments and international agencies. Besides, Performance evaluation is also integrated in the traditional audit areas, such as budget implementation audit. Hereby, the volume of performance audit work amounted to two thirds of the total of the CNAO, also showed a ten percent rise in comparison to 2006. (The Memo of Annual National Audit Work Meeting, 2008) The focuses of these performance audit projects are not only to disclose the improper policy decisions, the waste in public expenditures and infrastructure projects, but also to reveal the details in information security, the quality of constructions, environmental and ecological protections. Only within the 11 months from January to November in 2007, the financial impact on waste amounted to 27.1 billion RMB Yuan, and accordingly the investment on construction was reduced by 29.1 billion RMB Yuan. CURRENT SITUATION OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT IN UK, USA, CANADA AND SWEDEN With the intent of giving a picture of the performance audit framework of the above four countries and making a comparison with Chinese National Audit Office, the performance audit mandates, the audit scope, the resources employed and the audit criteria deployed of and by these SAIs will be investigated in this part. Performance Audit in UK The National Audit Office (NAO) of United Kingdom has existed in its present form since 1983, but the public audit function in United Kingdom central government has a much longer history and used to be taken by the former Exchequer and Audit Department. NAO is independent from the government and works on behalf of the Parliament and the taxpayers to hold government to account for the utilization of public funds, provide independent analysis and assurance to Parliament and to help to improve public services performance. In UK, a value for money examination is defined as ‘the assessment of performance, identifies good practice and recommends improvements to economy (keeping costs down), efficiency (getting more output for what is spent) and effectiveness (delivering the desired results)’( Annual Report of NAO, 2008, P10), that is ‘3 E’ audit. Performance audit practice has a long history under the instruction of the Parliament, especially, the Committee of Public Accounts, however, until 1983, no statutory authority was given to this new type of audit. In 1983, performance audit has been established as a distinct form of audit through National Audit Law, which gave a new foundation for the new National Audit Office’s value for money audits. The major value for money reports produced by NAO focuses on how specific government projects, programmes and activities have been implemented. They examine the way policies have been put into effect and assess whether that represents value for money for the taxpayer. Just like Office of Audit General of Canada, no comment should be made on the policy itself. The topics under examination are identified by monitoring and analysing risks to value for money across the sheer range of government expenditure. NAO also try to keep our performance study topics flexible to accommodate emerging issues. Besides, proposals from Members of Parliament and in particular from members of the Committee of Public Accounts are also been taken careful account. Each year, around 50 values for money reports are delivered and investigated to the Parliament and the Committee of Public Accounts. ‘In 2007, NAO produced 60 value for money report, and the verified financial impacts of these reports amounted to  £656 million, an increase of  £74million over last year, which also representing a return of over  £9 for every  £1 expenditure of running the National Audit Office. ‘(Annual Report of NAO, 2008, P4) Ultimately, it is for the Comptroller and Auditor General to decide which studies should be undertaken. In terms of fund resources, about a quarter of the NAO budget, which amounted to  £25.2 million, was spent on value for money audit, delivering the main programmes of assurance to the House of Commons. In terms of human resources, 238 of staffs, out of the total 845, are employed for the value for money audit purpose. Sustainability was also a feature of other reports during the year. The report on the Thames Gateway disclosed that the Government’s vision for high quality, low carbon footprint, and sustainable developments in the region had not yet been translated into clear objectives, local strategies or developed plans. Performance Audit in USA The Government Accounting Office of United Stated was established in 1921. GAO is an independent, nonpartisan, professional services agency in the legislative branch working for the Congress, and commonly known as the ‘audit and investigative arm of the Congress’ or the ‘congressional watchdog’. GAO examines how taxpayer dollars are spent and advise lawmakers and agency heads on ways to make government work better. After World War II GAO began to perform more comprehensive audits that examined on only the financial compliance but also the economy and efficiency of government operations. By the 1960s, GAO had begun to perform the new type of audit, performance audit, which aimed to examine whether government programs meets their objectives. In 1970, the Bureau of the Budget and GAO agreed to establish government auditing standards. In 1972, the Comptroller General issued the first edition of the Standards for Audit of Governmental Organizations, Programs, and Activities Functions, which was known as the Yellow Book. In this yellow book, GAO decided to extend its audit scope to performance audit, and defined its audit goals as: check the financial activities and their compliances with current laws and regulations; the economy and effectiveness of administration works; Furthermore, their effectiveness in reality. During the last 20 years, GAO has sought to improve accountability by alerting policymakers and the public to emerging problems throughout government. Effective July 7, 2004, the GAOs legal name changed to the Government Accountability Office. The change better reflects that GAO has become the modern professional services organization. The mission of GAO is ‘to support the Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people’. Not like SAI in other countries, GAO is a legislative branch agency, so it is exempt from many laws that apply to the executive branch agencies. However, it generally obeys the spirit of many of the laws, including Federal Managers’ Financial Integrity Act, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, and the Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996. The Federal Managers’ Financial Integrity Act emphases ongoing evaluations and annual reports to assure the adequacy of the internal accounting and administrative control of each agency. For the seeking of improving public confidence in federal agency performance, the Government Performance and Results Act 1993 requires that ‘federally funded agencies should develop and implement accountability systems based on performance measurement, including setting goals and objectives and measuring progress toward achieving them’. The Federal Financial Management Improvement Act 1996 stresses on ‘improving federal financial management by requiring that federal agencies implement and maintain financial management systems that comply with the requirements of federal financial management systems, applicable federal accounting standards, and the U.S. Government Standard General Ledger.’ In later years, GAO gave the ‘yellow book’ a more concise title, Government Auditing Standards, and updated periodically. In the latest revision of the auditing standards in December 2007, it emphases on ‘enhancing performance audit standards that elaborate on the overall framework for high-quality performance auditing, including reasonable assurance and its relationship to audit risk, and the levels of evidence used to support audit findings and conclusion. GAO performs a series of oversight-, insight-, and foresight-related engagements, a vast majority of which are conducted in response to congressional mandates or requests. GAO’s audit scope includes financial and management audits, evaluations of federal programs and performance, policy analyses, legal o

How Outsourcing Affects the Economy Essay -- Global Economy, Economic,

Outsourcing is nothing new. It is a difficult issue to handle and tackle, supporters and detractors agree on one thing. That outsourcing will not be eliminated to a complete. That is why I wrote on what is outsourcing, how it affect the economy, and can it be stop. The word outsourcing can be defined in a numbers of ways depending on the type of service and the form of relationship with the supplier. Also referred to as contracting out or buying in. May be the delegation or handing over to a third party. Company to provide services that might other wise be performed by in- house employees. The term is increasingly used to refer to subcontracting of a set of functions or processes by one firm to another, or to a group of individuals. Also allows companies to focus on other business issues while they have there details take care of by outside experts. Which means large amount of resources and attention, that might fall on the shoulders of the management professionals, it can be used to more important issues within the company problem. Outsourcing and offshore is different but they are the same interchangeable used by people. It also enables a company to focus on core-competency areas. There are some disadvantaged to outsourcing often eliminates direct communication. Also may lead to delayed communication and project implementation. While outsourcing my prove highly beneficial for many companies, it also has many drawbacks. It affects the U.S. economy is a great matter to debate. This will have an overall positive effect on the U.S. economy, since it save money for companies, open up fortuities for entrepreneurship and leads more Americans to hold higher level jobs. A suggestion came up about hiring foreign workers which has imm... ...re want be any disposable income to spend on luxuries things. Market will collapse, and trade will come standstill. A way to keep the divided checks flowing to the stockholders a little. Government will need to completely close the borders to trade. Economists have recognized that free trade is the better solution, economy was built on a free trade. The economy is not going to get better with people being unemployed and that is only causing an chain reaction in the U.S. economy. In these area does not leave enough jobs for U.S. Americans. It has been a lot of debate over outsourcing and was said that it is good for the U.S. economy. But I think they should decrease outsourcing just a little, because the economy today is already going down hill. That is just going to make the future in more trouble than it is now. This is the end of my outsourcing of the economy.

Review Of Research Articles About Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

Below are 10 research articles and surveies that address issue we have discussed in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition for pupils that are English Language scholars. At the beginning of the class we discussed instructors ‘ prejudices and their deficiency of appropriate preparation and instruction in learning ELL that can impact pupils that are ELL. These abstracts validate that there is a job with prejudice. We have besides discussed the function of cultural and socioeconomics and how it affects the success of SLA. During this hunt, I noticed several articles turn toing different ways to turn to this issue. The running subject I have noticed is that there is no cosmopolitan and accurate attack to learning pupils who are ELL. There are many variables involved in each academic state of affairs. Students ‘ demands for larning 2nd linguistic communication are every bit single as each pupil. The attack for SLA depends on linguistic communication acquisition for the native linguistic communication ; socioeconomics, cultural issues, and if there are linguistic communication holds in the native linguistic communication.Gunderson, A L..A ( 2008 ) . The State of the Art of Secondary ESL Teaching andLearning.A Journal of Adolescent & A ; Adult Literacy, A 52 ( 3 ) , A 184-188.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Children ‘s Module. ( Document ID: A 1601681651 ) .The 1968 Bilingual Education Act specified that pupils who â€Å" come from environments where a linguistic communication other than English has had a important impact on their degree of English linguistic communication proficie ncy ; and who, by ground thereof, have sufficient trouble speech production, reading, composing, or understanding the English linguistic communication † should be provided with bilingual plans ( Bilingual Education Act, 1968 ) . Students who were Spanish, Vietnamese, Tagalog, or Punjabi talkers had higher disappearing rates and lower classs in academic categories than Chinese talkers because there were differences in socioeconomic position and households ‘ abilities to scaffold their kids ‘s instruction when school plans failed to make so. It seems that the same amazing finding and intent could be focused on detecting how scientific discipline, math, societal surveies, and English instructors can learn successfully in schoolrooms that include increasing Numberss of ESL pupils. As we have learned in some of our treatment stations, we need to turn to all facets of our pupils ‘ backgrounds when learning a SLA. Culture and socioeconomics is an of import portion of this. The fact that there is a dropout rate for pupils of different cultural backgrounds shows that pedagogues are non implementing cultural sensitiveness and consciousness as portion of their direction. There can non be a cooky cutter attack to learning linguistic communication to changing civilizations.Nykiel-Herbert, A B..A ( 2010 ) . IRAQI REFUGEE Students: From a Collection of Aliens to a Community of Learners.A Multicultural Education, A 17 ( 3 ) , A 2-14.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Multicultural Module. ( Document ID: A 2176089481 ) .Systematic observations of kids of assorted cultural groups in their schoolrooms and communities ( Au, 1980 ; Delpit, 1996 ; Gibson, 1982 ; Philips, 1983 ) constantly demonstrate that kids perform better academically if the civilization of their schoo lrooms, including outlooks of appropriate behaviour and instructional schemes, reflect the civilization of their places. The topics of the survey are 12 refugee kids from Iraq in classs 3 through 5 ( ages 8 through 11 ) in an Upstate New York urban school, in mainstream schoolrooms, pulled out for 50-60 proceedingss of ELL instructions. After 12 to 18 months at the school, many of the Iraqi pupils in center and higher classs were hardly at the emergent degree of literacy acquisition The research workers created a separate, self-contained schoolroom for the low-performing Iraqi pupils. The Edison narrative confirms what some earlier surveies of minority pupil groups have demonstrated, viz. that â€Å" pupils ‘ public presentation in school is straight affected by the relationship between the cultural forms supported by the school and those adhered to by the pupils There were those that were opposed to the self-contained schoolroom for the Iraqi kids. They did non desire to make an ambiance of â€Å" separate † or â€Å" segregated † . This can be a valid point in some state of affairss. However, pupils had trouble with acclimatizing to their new milieus. When they were in their self-contained unit, issues that were impacting them specifically could be addressed while they were being surrounded by a group of equals that came from the same emotional and physical topographic point. They were comfy in a cultural scene that was familiar to them while larning their new linguistic communication and acclimating, with their equals, to their new location.DelliCarpini, A M..A ( 2010 ) . Success with ELLs.A English Journal, A 99 ( 4 ) , A 102-104.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 1972796791 )Form a collaborative, interdisciplinary squad that would be after and develop an incorporate course of study th at built accomplishments and met criterions for both academic topics and the Career Development and Occupational Studies criterions developed by the New York State Department of Education. Students who participated in the eight-week faculties engaged in a assortment of reliable authorship undertakings, acquired information on US markets, and studied concern history in the United States, planetary markets, supply and demand, resume authorship, communicating accomplishments, and choosing a concern that will win in a given market and economic clime. The importance of turn toing post-secondary ends and accomplishments when learning a 2nd linguistic communication is an of import portion of SLA. As discussed in one of our faculties, motive plays a cardinal factor. Students are more invested in their acquisition when they see a existent life application that is of import to their personal ends.Rodriguez, A D. , A Ringler, A M. , A O'Neal, A D. , A & A ; A Bunn, A K..A ( 2009 ) . English Language Learners ‘Percepts of School Environment.A Journal of Research in Childhood Education, A 23 ( 4 ) , A 513-526.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Education Module. ( Document ID: A 1807801991 ) .This survey investigated the perceptual experiences of 123 pupils ( 57 monolingual and 66 English linguistic communication scholars [ ELLs ] ) from a rural public simple school in North Carolina with regard to school clime, course of study and direction, extracurricular activities, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. With regard to teacher readying, Smith-Davis ( 2004 ) argued that instructors are non adequately prepared to assist ELLs make their maximal academic potency. The research workers visited the school 16 times over a six-month period in order to roll up the information. During the interviews with the bilingual and monolingual pupils, the research workers followed a modified version of the questionnaire protocol titled â€Å" Measuring success in ESL plans, † which was originally authored by Carrasquillo and Rodriguez ( 1998 ) although the informations reveal basically no differences in school clime, during the interview, several pupils reported that they were punished if they spoke in their native linguistic communication. After questioning a sum of 123 pupils in kindergarten through Grade 5, the chief determination of this survey is that the perceptual experiences of simple ELLs and monolingual scholars in a peculiar rural school in North Carolina were strikingly similar. the monolingual pupils in all classs besides have less self-esteem than the ELLs at all degrees, kindergarten through class 5. This is one school that evidently had a really strong ESOL plan in topographic point. Students did non detect any differences in course of study or extracurricular activities. This shows that instructors were supplying the same degree of challenge in all scenes. The survey would hold been more interesting if they used the questionnaires in three or four different schools with different socioeconomics and diverse backgrounds. North Carolina seems to be on the film editing border when it comes to ESE plans. The universities seem to make much research with RTI, ESE and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brice, A A. , A Shaunessy, A E. , A Hughes, A C. , A McHatton, A P. , A & A ; A Ratliff, A M..A ( 2008, A October ) . What Language Discourse Tells Us About Bilingual Adolescents: A Study of Students in Gifted Programs and Students in General Education Programs.A Journal for the Education of the Gifted, A 32 ( 1 ) , A 7-33,139-141.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Education Module. ( Document ID: A 1574104461 The intent of this survey was to analyze pupil discourse between bilingual pupils in talented plans and bilingual pupils in the general instruction plans in an urban in-between school. This survey suggests a minor linguistic communication advantage for the bilingual pupils in the talented plan. The overall decision seems to bespeak that bilingualism, linguistic communication abilities, and giftedness involves many variables and that the relationships are non needfully direct. Participants were 16 pupils served in public in-between school ( grades 6-8 ) in one of the largest urban school territories in the southeasterly United States. In amount, the grounds from this survey suggests assorted support for the three research inquiries and a little linguistic communication advantage for the bilingual pupils in the talented plan. Bilingualism, linguistic communication abilities, and giftedness involve many variables ) . It appears that an apprehension of bilingualism and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition would be good for gifted and general instruction instructors. Some surveies seem to province the obvious. It would look that a talented pupil would hold an advantage in any regular or ESE scene. I agree that preparation for instructors who teach general instruction and talented plan should hold cognition of SLA. Students with disablements are in the chief watercourse schoolrooms much more than in the yesteryear. It is of import for ALL instructors to understand facets of SLA and ESE instruction.Meisel, A J..A ( 2007 ) . The weaker linguistic communication in early kid bilingualism: Geting a firstlinguistic communication as a 2nd linguistic communication? A Applied Psycholinguistics, A 28 ( 3 ) , A 495.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Humanities Module. ( Document ID: A 1289045851 ) .Past research demonstrates that first linguistic communication ( L1 ) -like competency in each linguistic communication can be attained in coincident acquisition of bilingualism by mere exposure to the mark languages. The inquiry is whether this is besides true fo r the â€Å" weaker † linguistic communication ( WL ) . The WL hypothesis claims that the WL differs basically from monolingual L1 and balanced bilingual L1 and resembles 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) acquisition. In this article, these claims are put to a trial by analysing â€Å" unusual † buildings in WLs, perchance bespeaking acquisition failure, and by describing on analyses of the usage of Gallic by bilinguals whose dominant linguistic communication is German. The available grounds does non warrant the claim that WLs resemble L2. Alternatively, it shows that WL development can be delayed, but does non propose acquisition failure. Finally, reduced input is improbable to do acquisition failure. The cardinal issue at interest is to research the bounds of the human linguistic communication devising capacity. I believe this addresses BICS and CALP. Reduced input is improbable to do acquisition. However increased end product is really built-in portion of linguistic communication acquisition. If you do n't utilize it, you lose it. This besides reminds me of a survey in one of the treatment posts that discusses simplifying linguistic communication while pupils learn to cut down their defeat degree. Joko Kusmanto, A & A ; A Anni Holila Pulungan.A ( 2003 ) . The Acquisition of English Negation ‘No ‘ and ‘Not ‘ : Evidences from an Indonesian Child in Non-Native Parents Bilingual Program.A K @ Ta, A 5 ( 1 ) , A 41.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Humanities Module. ( Document ID: A 967696001 ) . Every kid is born with an unconditioned gift by which ( a ) linguistic communication ( s ) acquisition is possible. This position emphasizes the function of cosmopolitan belongingss every kid is born with to get ( a ) linguistic communication ( s ) . This paper presents the acquisition of English negation ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ by an Indonesian kid brought up in Indonesian – English Non-native Parents Bilingual Program ( NPBP ) . The analysis is directed to uncover the form of ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ usage as the grounds that a kid still acquires a targeted linguistic communication despite the hapless targeted linguistic communication input s/he is exposed to. The consequence of the analysis shows that the acquisition of English negation ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ by an Indonesian kid in Indonesian – English NPBP besides has a form which falls into syntactic, semantic, and matter-of-fact instances. To some extent, it supp orts Universal Grammar frame, but there are some which provide new penetrations on this issue. The two pupils in are data analysis in faculty 5.2 both had negation issues. One had L1 that was Spanish and another had L1 that was Chinese. This kid is Indonesian. This seems to back up the research that a targeted linguistic communication can still be learned due to cosmopolitan grammar frame. The pupils understand the basic rule of negation. They may be non be puting no and non in the right order. However, they understand the basic rule regardless of their native linguistic communication.Stanley I Greenspan.A ( 2001, A November ) . Working with the bilingual kid who has alinguistic communication delay.A Scholastic Early Childhood Today, A 16 ( 3 ) , A 28-30.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Children ‘s Module. ( Document ID: A 85642407 ) .Greenspan discusses what a instructor should make if she suspects that a bilingual preschool pupil has a linguistic communication hold. The first measure should be to find if the linguistic communication hold is merely in the 2nd linguist ic communication, or if it is present in both linguistic communications. It ‘s really of import for kids who have linguistic communication holds, but are otherwise synergistic, to be in scenes with other kids who are communicative. The beat of interaction is critical for linguistic communication development, so it ‘s really of import for the kid to hold communicative and verbal equals. What we want is interaction, interaction, interaction! I am used to working with pupils that are speech-language impaired. However, I ne'er think of this in footings of pupils who may be SLA. The instructor in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Unit has a new pupil from Mexico who has no linguistic communication. She did non travel to school in Mexico. She knows no mark at all, no reading, etc in her native linguistic communication. As a adolescent, she is larning linguistic communication for the first clip. Students in my unit who are speech-language impaired have made important betterments in linguistic communication by patterning their equals and their instructor. Obviously, their linguistic communication would non hold the same betterments if they did non hold any interaction with persons ( instructor and/or equals ) that interacted with them on a day-to-day footing.Mary Ann Zehr.A ( 2010, A October ) . Boston Settles With Federal Officials in ELL InvestigationA : District Agrees to Retest 7,000 Students ‘ English Skills.A Education Week, A 30 ( 7 ) , A 10.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 2171700391 ) .Carol Johnson, the schools overseer in Boston, where 28 per centum of the territory ‘s 56,000 pupils are ELLs, said in an interview that the system has been seeking for a twelvemonth to convey its schools into conformity with federal civil rights jurisprudence. The attempt has involved developing some 2,000 instructors in how to work with English-learners, retesting the English accomplishments of 7,000 pupils, and mapping programs to speed up the acquisition of ELLs who should hold received services before but did n't. A study last twelvemonth by the Mauricio Gaston Institute for Latino Community Development and Public Policy, at the University of Massachusetts Boston, found the territory was n't decently measuring and placing many pupils as ELLs. In May 2009, the territory hired Ms. De Los Reyes and tasked her with turn toing the deficiency of services to ELLs cite d in the 2008 province reappraisal. She said the colony resulted from a strong coaction with the Justice and Education sections. I find this interesting that pupils were non being decently assessed as ELL. These pupils were taking their standardised trials I the mainstream and non in their native linguistic communication. Students were in the schoolroom. However, I ‘m inquiring if some of these schools had ESOL plans or they were trusting on untrained instructors to turn to the educational demands of the pupils that were ELL. If instructors are non trained in ELL or ESE, they may non be cognizant of the regulations on standardised testing for pupils who were SLA. They should reexamine the deficiency of services and the deficiency of instruction for instructors to supply services to pupils that are ELL.Huang, A J. , A & A ; A Brown, A K..A ( 2009 ) . Cultural FACTORS AFFECTING CHINESE ESL STUDENTS ‘ ACADEMIC LEARNING.A Education, A 129 ( 4 ) , A 643-653.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 1800962381 ) .Confucianism meets Constructivism in North American univers ities and our schoolrooms are neglecting to run into the educational outlooks of Chinese pupils. Specifically, pupils from the People ‘s Republic of China mentioned six countries where they feel uncomfortableness: ( a ) They feel uncomfortable with the schoolroom behaviour of North American pupils. ( B ) They question the value of a professorial focal point on treatment instead than talk. ( degree Celsius ) They query the professor ‘s failure to follow the text edition. ( vitamin D ) They feel there is excessively much accent on group work. ( e ) They note a deficiency of talk sum-ups along with an evident deficiency of organisation. ( f ) They portion on common involvements ( e.g. athleticss, faith ) with their North American opposite numbers. This paper discusses the cultural factors that affect Chinese pupils ‘ academic acquisition at North American universities. It besides provides deductions for North American professors. This is more interesting research on how civilization affects pupils ‘ positions towards linguistic communication acquisition. In one treatment station, the issue of motive and how the pupils ‘ positions of the people and civilization for SLA affects their motive to larn. The Chinese pupils did non understand certain cultural facets and behaviour of North American pupils. Hidden course of study is an of import facet to include when learning a new linguistic communication to non-native born pupils.

Guided speech on education example Essays

Guided speech on education example Essays Guided speech on education example Essay Guided speech on education example Essay What if we Had free periods for private studying with the teachers assisting? What If we had More languages available Including sign language Corporealness ,French,German, Greek, Spanish or Russian. Vote for us and well make It come true. I am the molester of education and part of the peoples party, here to tell YOU the reasons why you should vote for us. From yr 7-9 we are to wait patiently in nice straight lines, whether it be hailing or in the scorched sun. Even if the teachers are late, we are to still do the same. Now Im okay with that, really I am okay with it. But when a senior student comes along and gets to enter the class next to us, thats when Im not okay. Were standing here waiting and there Just sitting casually in a comfortable seat. Its isnt fair. From year 7 were entering a new school with, new students and new environment. Its already a big responsibility moving Into high school. : Im pretty sure that well be responsible to be able to sit In class. Wouldnt you agree? After waiting outside from prep to year 6 1 think we would have enough experience Walling In two lines. What we need now Is to e able to sit In class out of the harsh weather and not be sick all the time because of that missing out on important classes. Once every week Just a period would be nice if there was a free studying period for students to go to, with teachers assisting. This would help students who dont do homework at home feels more motivated. Its would be a quiet area Just like the one in the library for vice students, but for students from Yr 7-9. This will not also benefit students but for teachers as well. While students study, teachers can also correct students homework At the same time and have a one on one talk with students explaining what they did wrong and what to Improve on. This can also take a load of work off the teachers back and have a more time to relax Instead of rushing to get the corrections done and have students yelling when there assignments and tests are given back. At school we have already two languages which are Chinese and Italian. Some students like learning these languages but some dont. As the Minster of education I believe we should have more Of a variety to choose from. After searching around on the Internet I have found top 10 languages students want to learn which are listed in the brochure that has been handed down. If students simply dont want to learn a new language we are offering Sign language. Sign language can be useful to have and can be seen as a deferent perspective. Itll be fun and a new way of learning different signs to help communicate with one another. This way you will be still learning a language which you can enjoy, befitting you and your education. In year 7 If students arent sure what language they want to choose, we can help you that Is If you vote for us. We can Help you choose up to four languages and try each one every term to see which one you would like the most to follow up into year 8 everyone of you.

Responsibilities of an Expert Witnesses

Responsibilities of an Expert Witnesses Free Online Research Papers The following memorandum is provided explain your duties and responsibilities as an expert witness appearing in the Supreme Court of Victoria. Below I have refereed to the relevant provisions contained in the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes, Codes of Conduct (all of which are attached) as well as numerous common law examples in order to provide you with a general overview of your expectations and responsibilities as an expert witness. Expertise Rule The court requires that as an expert witness, you posses the relevant qualifications and experience necessary to demonstrate that you are an expert in the subject in which you are being asked to express an opinion, (refer to Order 44.01 Supreme Court (General civil procedure) Rules 2005 for a definition of â€Å"expert.†). Experts obtain a privileged position among witnesses in the court system. They are allowed to present specialist evidence in the form of opinion in much broader circumstances than the lay witness. This is so long as the opinion is bona fide, or involves a matter squarely falling within the expert’s expertise. In addition to this, it is vital to ensure that your observations do not cross your barrier of expertise. I refer you to the cases of Peisley v R (1990) and R v MacKenney Pinfold(1983), in which an expert opinion was dismissed for this very reason. Furthermore, in Duke Group Ltd v Pilmer (1998) , Mullighan J was very critical of the expertis e of an accountant on the basis that he had never been called upon to value businesses such as merchant banking or insurance broking (relevant in this case), nor had he practiced as an accountant in such businesses. This led him to conclude that the accountant involved did not warrant sufficient expertise in regards to the issue in which he was offered as an expert witness. Therefore, please ensure that you do not discuss issues that evidently fall outside the scope of what the court would consider you to be qualified. This rule was well summed up in R v Beland (1987) who stated that â€Å"the function of an expert is to provide for the jury proved facts in a field in which the expert witness possesses special knowledge and experience going beyond that of the trier of fact.† It is also worth noting that no scope exists for expert evidence where an ordinary person is capable of forming a correct view on a particular subject. For example, it is obvious that the court would not require an expert accountant like yourself to add and subtract simple number values. Acting Impartially As an expert witness, there are various roles that you, or the party retaining you, may wish to adopt. However, the Code of Conduct, Form 44A(1) states that those who are engaged as an expert witness have a paramount obligation to assist the court, rather than the party retaining them (see also s.11.2 Practice Note 2004) I therefore advise that you refrain from misrepresenting your expertise in order to assist the party to which you have been appointed, often refereed to as a â€Å"hired gun.† Conceivably, someone who misguidedly believes that his/her duty is to adopt an ethical stance for their own, or for their parties, private purpose, may embrace the â€Å"hired gun† role. However, whilst a lawyer may have a duty to argue for a standpoint he or she does not personally believe in, this is completely contrary to the role of an expert witness. It should be clear by now that the only role suitable to adopt as an expert witness is that of an educator. This involves providing the court and the jury with the appropriate knowledge and information relevant to the particular case in which the ordinary person would be unacquainted. An issue often raised by expert witnesses relates to the extent to which a legal party may assist in forming their expert opinions and assumptions. The foremost principal is for the expert witness to ensure that their independence is not at any stage undermined. I refer you to the case of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman Licence Holdings Ltd (2005), which involved a solicitor amending the draft report provided to him by an expert witness. An investigation of this claim led to Wilcox J concluding that the expert was willing to concede his independence for the sake of the party retaining him, therefore forbidding the expert’s opinion to be relied on in any contentious matter. Please note that providing your solicitor with a draft report to ensure that no facts or assumptions have been falsely relied on is, by all means, acceptable. Due to the above statements, I strongly advise that regardless of any pressure placed on you from a legal party, you uphold your independence at all times. If not, the court is likely to identify any bias through further expert reports from the opposing party or during cross-examination. The court may also order that the opposing party be entitled to all notes, drafts and emails between the expert and the legal team retaining them in order to determine whether the independence of the expert has been undermined. In addition to this, the expert shall disclose any bias or conflict of interest that may arise. If the above advice is ignored, it may inevitably lead to your credibility and reputation as a future expert witness being severely tarnished. Should any doubt arise in the above matter, I advise that you ask yourself the question, would my expert opinion have been unaffected had the opposing party retained my expert knowledge to enhance their case? If the answer is no, then you must seriously consider your credibility as an expert witness. Reports and Conference Order 44.03(2), s11.3, Form 44A(3) of the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes and Codes of Conduct (respectively) each contain provisions stating that an expert witness is to submit a report stating their opinion no later than 30 days before the trial. Along with providing your name, address and qualifications, the report must acknowledge that the code of conduct has been read and adhered to. If such acknowledgement is absent, the expert evidence will be deemed invalid. The fundamental aspect of the expert report requires that you state the facts and assumptions on which each opinion is based. It is imperative that the provisions mentioned above and stated in the attachments are vigilantly abided by. This is as s44.05 of the Supreme Court (General civil procedure) Rules 2005 disallows any further evidence (except by leave of the court, consent by affected parties or through cross-examination) to be heard during the trial unless contained within the report. If an expressed opinion in the report is inaccurate, incomplete or not a concluded opinion (due insufficient research or data, etc), this must be stated via a declaration to be included in the report. This is as Judges will no longer accept an expert opinion without a critical and independent evaluation. If, for a variety of different reasons, the report is amended by the expert at any stage of the proceeding, that change of opinion is to be made known to the party which has retained your services and ,when appropriate, to the court. Order 44.06, s11.6 and Form 44A(5) of the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes and Codes of Conduct (respectively) contain provisions allowing the court to direct all expert witnesses involved in a case to confer before the trail. I highly recommend that you familiarise yourself with these provisions, as a conference is most likely to be ordered if 2 or more expert opinions are obtained. The experts participating in the conference are required to provide a joint report detailing matters in which they agree, disagree and a summary of the reasons for disagreement. It is vital that all experts in attendance of the conference are acting independently, without any influential assistance from either party involved in the trial (refer to s.11.6(a) and (b) of the Practice Notes attached). Legal representatives shall only play a role in the conference if directed by the court. I refer you to the case of Phosphate Co-operative Co. of Australia Pty Ltd v Shears (1989). This case involved seve ral expert accountants that remained in frequent contact with their legal representatives, and were thus prepared to alter their expert opinions in a favourable fashion towards the party retaining them. Due to this, the expert reports were not permitted as suitable evidence to be admitted in the trial. While this case involved the expert accountants being influenced in their report writing rather than during a conference, the primary principal derived from the case was that care needs to be taken to ensure that the independence of the expert is not unlawfully violated at any time. The basis rule and awareness of the facts The facts upon which an expert opinion is based must be available for scrutiny by the Courts. It is not expected that a court act upon an opinion, the basis for which is not explained by the witness expressing it. For an experts view to contain value, the court expects that the facts of their opinion be proved by acceptable means or to state unequivocally the presumptions as to the facts on which the opinion is based. This point was highlighted by Priestley JA in Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) who stated that â€Å"the expert must either prove by admissible ways the facts on which the opinion is based, or state unambiguously the assumption as to the fact on which the opinion is based. For example, Bugg v Day (1949) involved an expert witness being criticised as he reached a conclusion in regards to the speed of a vehicle without the necessary data. Furthermore, it is imperative that the expert witness, either through the party retaining them or some other means, be educated and informed in relation to the facts and circumstances of the case. The above notion was discussed in Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) and Ronchi v Portland Smelter Services (2005) (which I strongly recommend for further discussion on the following issues). These cases raised the issue of the expert being able to identify the facts of the case relied upon in order to form their opinion. For example, the Full Federal Court in Arnotts Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (1990) stated that Dr Williams, appearing as an expert witness, failed to identify the facts of the case in which his opinion was based. This is as other material presented in the case, in which Dr Williams may not have been aware of, may have altered his expert opinion if they were known. Further, Eames J.A stated in Ronchi that the court does not require the expert to reveal wh at they were told in order to determine its truth, rather it is to identify how the expert reached his/her opinion. Before the court can assess the value of an opinion, it must know the facts upon which it is based. If the expert has been misinformed about the facts or has taken irrelevant facts into consideration, the opinion is likely to be insignificant. Therefore, it is crucial that as an expert witness, you familiarise yourself with the facts of the case, in order for the court to be able to distinguish on what basis the expert opinion is founded. At this stage it is worth noting that an expert witness is not to express his/her opinion on the very question on which the court itself is obliged to decide. The expert cannot give an opinion as to the ultimate fact that the court has to decide. Put simply, judges decide case, not experts. Read in conjunction with the attachments I have included (which I urge that you read and familiarise yourself with), this memorandum shall provide you with the knowledge of the duties that an expert witness owes to the Supreme Court. If you wish to further discuss any of the issues raised, I would advise that you contact the legal party that has retained your services. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cairns B Australian Civil Procedure 6th edition Pyrmont NSW (2005). Freckleton I, Hugh S Expert Evidence; law, practice procedure and advocacy (2005) Lawbook.Co, NSW Gillies H. Law of Evidence in Australia. Pyrmont, NSW (2003) Golvan G, Each to their own: Addressing the problem of expert witnesses partially (2006) 80(9) Law Institute Journal. Walters J.M Expert Witnesses that make a difference, Law Society of Western Australia (1997). Websites www.austlii.com.au Legislation Supreme Court (General civil procedure) rules (2005). Supreme Court (General civil procedure) rules (2005), Codes of Conduct. Supreme Court of Victoria â€Å"Practice Note No.4 of 2004† Commercial List. Cases (where primary legal source has been cited) Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001)52 NSWLR 705 Ronchi v Portland Smelter Services (2005) VSCA 83 Research Papers on Responsibilities of an Expert WitnessesCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseQuebec and CanadaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicDefinition of Export Quotas

Child Abandonment kill(affect) children Research Paper

Child Abandonment kill(affect) children - Research Paper Example Additionally, political conditions may contribute towards abandonment as evident in the Romanian revolution (Nelson, Fox and Zeanah 64). Child abandonment may also be associated with the lack of institutions such as orphanages, which take care of children in case their parents or guardians fail to support them. Child abandonment is a very serious problem, which affects the long-term development of a child. Parents should be careful before abandoning their children because it can cause long-term psychological impact, raise trust issues and expose the child to physical and mental health problems. According to Karen Maier, children who are abandoned harbor long-standing senses of shame and loss. These children may either idealize or reject the absent parent. Karen (2013) stated, â€Å"children who completely reject their absent parents strive to be the exact opposite of the parent who abandoned them† (Maier 2). Conversely, children who idealize the parent who abandoned them have a tendency of developing fantasies about them in order to provide temporary comfort. Long-term psychological impact of child abandonment include issues such as problems maintaining long-term relationships, depression, eating disorders, social disabilities, cognitive or learning disabilities and low self-esteem. Children who have been abandoned experience disorganized or insecure attachment with other people. As a result, they have problems interacting with others or maintaining long-term relationships (Clothier 1). Patterns of child-parent or caregiver attachments are important during growth. These patterns determine the social and emotional development of the child. Children who have been abandoned have insecure attachment with others because their primary source of protection or safety, in this case the parent, abandoned them. These children consider their parents as a source of harm, which leaves the child in an irresolvable state of conflict. Abandoned

Case 1; What else can go wrong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case 1; What else can go wrong - Essay Example If Van West could have understood Mexican culture, everything would have been easy. This is because culture dictates the way individuals treat each other, outlines that which is acceptable, the manner in which management is viewed and the way in which people approach their daily work. Since Hernandez has been helpful to Van West, he needs to inform him when it comes to business it is important to focus on your objectives. Therefore, West should transfer him to another department to avoid daily meeting while at work. In Mexican culture, a boss has the role of influencing a faction or group of people towards the attainment of a goal. Bosses are expected to lead by example, so that others are motivated to follow him and not just any individual with a position of influence. In addition, He or she is an individual who is in charge of a certain division of a company. In this case, superior people in the firm are undermining the subordinates a situation that has brewed into a cold relationship between the two groups. In order to address these issues, Van West needs to negotiate with the workers and agree on a different pay package. This will make workers change their mind about striking because they can perceive the move as inclusive and unbiased. In the end, individual relationship will improve since workers will feel safe. They will not have a negative attitude about the hierarchy since it cares about their