Production And Operation Essay Example for Free

deed And Operation Essay1(a). The word verse is be as the process of approximating or estimating the magnitude of an object in relation with some units of measurement. I t usu solelyy involves the assignment of nun-negative real numbers to the sub crashsThe name intersectionivity is likewise delimit as the measure of the production process product divided by the number of unit of input. For instant, labor productivity is usually measured as the ratio of the labor output per hour and input. T presentfore, the quantitative aspects of the input and output argon put into reflection (Christopher Voss (1984). Generally, productivity of higher cultivation is defined in marchess of how much individuals and the rules of order as a consentaneous ar gaining from the educational sector, considering the resources that they employ. It also shows whether the system is wasteful in all way as well.The issue of productivity is looked at in two dimensions. That is, the efficiency perspective and the durability perspective. Efficiency looks at the level as well as the quality of the education services obtained from the functional resources. A sector that produces higher quality or greater quantity of outputs using the same resources, because it said to have improved efficiency.On the other hand, effectiveness focuses on the extent which the motives and demands of the customers ar met by the providers. The s s ground campaignholders in this case include the students, local communities, faculty, the state governments and the nation at large. Therefore, its put across that productivity improvement is a multidimensional process which depends on the goals and missions of the particular system at hand. downstairs measure productivity, the world-wide approach that is assiduous mostly is the development of measures of both the effectiveness and efficiency. These measures atomic number 18 whence employed together so that productivity improvement is measured . Through the use of input and output measures, on that point could be either the technical efficiency ratios used to measure the physical output per unit input, or the use of economical efficiency ratios that comp atomic number 18 and contrast the outcomes to the inputs.However, the present problems that hinder the measure of the input and the output do not make easy for the creation of these measures. Therefore, it is necessary to rely on direct measures where the resources employed by the pains argon put across together with the outcome and the quality of the services.In situations where the industry produces multiple outputs, these outputs are always weighted using some criterion and then summed.b). Looking at the relationship surrounded by scheme and operations charge, we first define the terms. The word strategy refers to the long term plan of actions that is designed to meet the imbed aims and goals. On the other hand, operations management refers to the process of ensur ing that all the activities that are meant to be carried on in the industry are carried on in to achieve the fate up goals and regulations.For the operation management process to be successful there has to be the long term goals that must be strategically mess. These goals are the key drives of all the processes that necessitate place in the total industry. Therefore, the strategy used should be the one that is achievable and relevant to the operations at hand.The production management process should also be in line with the long term action plans that are set so that it will be easier to meet the set goals. The process should be handled in a semi-formal manner in order to promote or make the whole production process easier. These set goals as well as the long term actions should be made known to the employees of the comp each and the prevalent as well so that they can contribute towards the achievement of the same.For instant, in a higher education industry, they should set l ong term actions to produce the best students or to be the best research institutions. The goals set should be those that are achievable and the community as well as the students, the lecturers and the non teaching staff should all be informed about all these.c). The terms Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) refers to the be that are generated due to the production of defective materials. These include those be that are used in bridging the gap between the desired and actual service quality and products. It also consists of the costs of losses in terms of the opportunities caused by the loss of recourses that are later used to correct the defects.COPQ includes all the labor costs, the rework costs, material costs and the disposition costs. However, it does not include the detection as well as the prevention cost. For instant, in the touristry industry can have the COPQ whereby the services offered to the tourists are not to the standard due to lack of rich accommodation or workers. Henc e, to rectify this, they employ more workers and build up or renovate their buildings in order to improve there services.On the other hand the term cost of quality is wide used but mostly misunderstood. It is defined as the cost of not creating a quality product or services. This cost increases every time work is redone. For instant, in the tourism industry, they incur this cost when their workers sell to offer perfect services to the tourists as they may end up being discouraged from tour the country again.d). A toy market that is ready to sell its new products has to follow diverse procedures in order to reduce the time that it will re quire to sell these products. First, there will be need for a massive advertisement either in the papers, televisions and live shows so that they can inform the consumers on the products. This in tern will keep the potential customers aware of the products in a manner that they will be encouraged to purchase these products that they will need to purchase.Another main point that the toy manufacturing company should consent into consideration is the quality of the toys that they produce and sell to the customers. The toys that of good quality will definitely take slight time as compared to the toys of bad quality.The price of the products, that is the price which the toys are disposed at will also affect the time that the products will take in the market. Cheap or affordable products will take short time in the market as compared to the expensive products or unaffordable products. When the company that is manufacturing the toys plans the type of toys that they produce, they should take into consideration the technology at hand and the age that they are targeting. For instant, toys are basically meaningful to the unexampled children hence should be designed in a manner that they will be attractive to the children and can be handled by them as well. This will definitely reduce the marketing time for the new products.2). The tether basic capacity expansion strategies include the process concentrate strategy, the repetitive focused strategy, and the product focused strategy. These are all aimed at improving the production management and obtain systems as a whole. under(a) the process focused strategy, the available facilities are unionised by the process itself and all the similar processes are put together. There is also the presence of a low volume, but high admixture products, as well as the presence of a jumbled flow. This strategy has its merits and demerits in general. The expediencys of this strategy are accessibility of great product flexibility that ensures that the products are modified incase of any need.Availability of more general equipment that are used to handle many tasks at a time.And there is room for low chapiter investment thus even the poor can afford to invest in the business.The disadvantages are assume for very highly trained personnel which expensive to higher and fire.Av ailability of more difficulty production planning control process that needs a bevy of money to run and consumes a lot of time.And poor equipment control process hence more expense to organization since these equipments may spoil any time or get lost.Under the repetitive focused strategy, the facilities are often organized by the use of assembly lines. It is mainly characterized by the use modules which are combined for many output options (Philip E. Hicks (1919).The advantages of this strategy are that it is seen to be more structured than the process focused strategy and enables Quasi-customization. It also enjoys economical advantage of a continuous process since it makes maximum use of modules.The product focused strategy has facilities that are organized by the products (Jay Hezier (1996). There is also room for high volume, low variety products and is usually found in the discrete unit manufacturing company and the continuous process of manufacturing.The advantages of this st rategy includeLower variable costs per unit which reduce the production costs in general leading to reduction in change prices.Availability of lower but more specialized labor skills hence production is efficient and meets the demands of the consumer. supposition of easier production planning and control hence saves time and reduces production cost as well.And the presence of equipment economic consumption and maintenance.The disadvantages areHigh probability of lower product flexibilityNeed for more specialized equipments that are expensiveAnd need for a very high capital investment thus closes doors for the poor in the society.3). It is not easy for the business organizations to be designed as well as be incorporated in order to meet all the characteristics in the principles. However, it is important to note that jobs should form a coherent whole independently or through involving the related jobs. The whole performance of the job should ensure that there is a significant contr ibution to the completion the services and the products (Meric S. Gertler (2004). It should also ensure that there is provision of a variety of pace, location, method and skills that are necessary. It should also provide feedback of the performance to the other people directly. Discretion and time control should be given chance as well as the sequence and the pace of work efforts.The job should also ensure that some responsibility for outcomes is included there is room for learning and problem solve within the competence of the individual. It should also be done in a way that it leads towards a desirable future. The individuals should be free to develop in a way that they find relevant. air specialization is defined as the process of separation of the organizational activities into tasks that are distinct and involves the process of assigning different tasks to different people. On the other hand, job enrichment is seen as the motivation of employees by giving opportunities to th em in order to target heir abilities. For instant, in an institution that deals with learning, there are different departments that deal with different things at a time. Each department has its heads that are the key decision makers.A job that is enriched has a variety of tasks as well as varying challenges in difficulties, a meaningful work, has a feedback, encouragement and good communication. Job enrichment includes the process of turning the employees efforts into performance, links the employees performance to the rewards directly, and makes sure that the employees are interested in the reward. For instant, in an organization, employees who have performed well in their work are given promotions at the end of a definite period of time in order to motivate them.On the other hand, job specialization ensures that the employees are good in a particular section as compared to the other sections hence can work best when given the chance of working there. In most cases, it does not i nvolve rewards but takes into consideration the ability of the employee and the experiences at hand (Richard B. Chase (1998). Job specialization also ensures that there is decentralization of activities and powers. Decisions here are made at the different levels depending on who is in charge of the area affected. This does not take hold to the case of job enrichment since the main aim here is to motivate the employeesReferencesRichard B. Chase (1998). Production and Operation Management. McGraw-Hill College, ISBN007517102Jay Hezier (1996). Production and Operation Management. Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN0132444844.Meric S. Gertler (2004). Manufacturing Culture The Institutional Geography of Industrial Practice. Oxford University Press, ISBN0198233825.The Encyclopedia Americana A program library of Universal Knowledge, page 484.Philip E. Hicks (1919). Industrial Engineering and Management. McGraw-Hill, ISBN0070288070.Christopher Voss (1984). Research in Production/Operations Management. Gower Pub. Co., U.S.A, ISBN 0566007592